"מה ייעשה בשחורים החופשיים?"

Átírás

1 "מה ייעשה בשחורים החופשיים?" חטיפתם של שחורים חופשיים כאמצעי במאבקה של חברת הדרום על זהותה ברק דור zngln iptly i`wixn`d mexca miiyteg mixegy ly mztihg zrteza wqer df xn`n zlf` z`e,19îd d`na drtezd ly dzehytzd z` xiaqdl ywan `ed.migxf`d,miiytegd mixegyd oxear eeidy mei`l daebzk,dzripna mexcd zepicn ly oci ycgn xeyi`l mexcd xear irvn` zetihga ze`xl rivn `ed ok enk.zetihgd i`yen eid da dtewza cgeina,zi`wixn`d zecard zxag dzzyed mdilr zeceqid ly.oetvd cvn dtwzd zgz el` `yep `id migxf`d zngln iptly zixad zevx`a miiyteg mixegy ly mztihg zrtez al zneyzl ekf `l mnvr miiytegd mixegyd.zitxbeixehqid dpigan ixnbl ixhef`.zecarl mzxikne mztihg ly uetpd rytd oky lk `l,ixehqidd xwgnd on dax iley hixt ly cnrnl llk jxca dkef `id xwgna z`f lka zxkfp ef drtez xy`k d`na dzgixte,zi`wixn`d zecard zxaga miiytegd mixegyd ly "zexv"d zniyxa lex`w elit`.mithegl uixnz deednd micard ixign ziilra xwira zxaqen 19Îd,mikf l`kin x"c ly eziigpda 'zixad zevx`a rfbe zecar' xpinqa dazkpy dcear lr qqean df xn`n *.1850 zpyn (Fitzhugh) eivit 'bxe'b ly exeaig myn gewl eny.aia` lz zhiqxaipe`a 98 "?miiytegd mixegya dyrii dn" Ÿ [היה היה, במה צעירה להיסטוריה, גיליון 5 (תשס"ו), עמ' 117±98]

2 99 "?miiytegd mixegya dyrii dn" zetihga wqerd icigid xwgnd il reciy dnk cr `edy 1,"dpkqa zexg" dxtqa oeqliee mixaqda zwtzqne zizxag drtezk drtezd ly dzernyn lr zcner dppi`,onvr oiicr `edy,1974 zpyn 2 "mipec` `ll micar" extqa oilxa dxii`.df oebk miizaiqp edify miccead on ile` `ed,miiytegd mixegyd zece` xzeia mlyde siwnd xwgnd `ed,ab` jxcke dxvwa dil` qgiizn `edy it lr s`e,xzei zakxen drtez zetihga 3.zinexcd dibele`ici`d ly ipeibdd dkynd z` eeid zetihgd ik ezrc z` rian,jtidle,zygxzn `id da dxagd lr dn xac dlbn zipiixar drtez lky il dncp ly mztihg zrtez mevnv.da zeniiwznd zeipiixard zertezd z` dxiaqn dxag lk ezernyn,itqk geex myl zihxt dnfei ly oiipr ickl zecarl mzxikne miiyteg mixegy ± zn`a zepiiprnd zel`yd z` uingdl dgeha jxc idef.d`lnd dzpadn wngzdl izxagd mwxnd on wlg deedn `id ote` dfi`a?dpezp dxaga ef drtez zxyt`zn cvik weqrl `eti` dppi` df xn`na izpeek?diyxey md dn?zecar zxag ly jk lk akxend miryta wlg zgwl mdn cg` lk e`iady zeil`ecieeicpi`d zeaiqa,mnvr mithega `weec zetihgd z` oegal ipevx.mze` eyniyy zepeebnd zewihwxta e`,df beqn ozehytzd z`e oze` xiaqdle zeqple,mipezpd agxnae dtewza zizxagd ozernyna.miizaiqp mixaqda wtzqdl ilan enyxp dtihg ixwn.miiyteg mixegy ly zetihgd zrtez ly dtwid z` cen`l dyw micreznd mixwnd ly mziaxn.xiiytndîeipl cre dp`ifi`eln,zixad zevx` iagx lka zepicna zecarl exknpe miiyteg mixegy egwlp myn,oetvd zepicna `weec eygxzd miiytegd mixegyd lr dnii` zecarl xknidle shgidl zexyt`d j`.oezgzd mexcd mziiqelke` dziidy okid,oeilrd mexcd ly leabd zepicna xwirae,inexcd agxna mb xeelcn ixeh q'b ly ezecr enk,zecard cbp milirt ly zetiwr zeiecr.cgeina dlecb dtihg ixwn ly axd mxtqn lr i`wixn`d mixgapd zia ly dcre ipta 1816 zpya eid miiyteg mixegy ly zetihg ik drcd z` zewfgn 4,el mirecid xeelcae cplixna.mexca s` zeaexn מפת ארצות הברית משנת 1860, ערב מלחמת האזרחים המספרים מציינים את שנת ההצטרפות של המדינות השונות לאיחוד המדינות הדרומיות

3 xec wxa 100 znglnl cre zil`ipelewd dtewzd seqn mexcd zepicn ly agxna xwira cwnzi df xn`n dpeknd ef zeyi ik xekfl aeyg.1861±1800 mipyd lr myei ixwird ybcdyk,migxf`d akxen did 1776 zpya.miax miitxbence miil`ixehixh miiepiy ef dtewza dxar "mexc" cenra dtn d`x) zetqep ryz odil` etxhvd 1860 cr.cala zepicn yyn mexcd,zizxag dcigi l`k mexcd zepicn l` mieqn oaena xn`nd qgiizn,ok enk.(mcewd swida xn`na dvegp `id j`,dllkd oaenk idef.zg` zibele`ici`e,zilklk,zihilet mi`pzd z` lynl enk,mexca iniptd oeeibd z` ewnerl oegal izexyt`a oi`.df ixef` oia milcadd z` e`,da miiytegd mixegyle dp`ifi`el zpicnl mirbepd micgeind oial oeilrd mexcd zepicn oiay efl dyr`y dpgadd dvnzz,llk jxca.xtkde xird mdixeaig xwira eidi xn`na ize` eynyiy miipey`xd zexewnd.oezgzd mexcd zepicn,zepehlyd l` zexizr,mexca zepicn ly mixegyd iweg,gex iyp`e mibele`ici` ly,zr iazk,mipezir jezn mirhw ly oeebne,mixxgeyn micar ly miiyi`d mdixetiq.zipynd zextqd jezn miae`yd,dtewzd ipa miinyx miknqne ryt len l` mexcd zepicn ly cid zlf`a oeica gzti xn`nd ly oey`xd ewlg mei`a weqri ipyd wlgd.dl mixaqd xg` yetigd oeeik lr riavdl dqpie,zetihgd biviy iyilyd wlgd l` liaeie,mexca zecard zxag xear miiytegd mixegyd eeidy z` wiqdl dqp`e,onvr zetihgd l` aey` iriaxd wlga.df mei`l mexcd zaebz z` xear zetihgd ly zcgeind ozernynl rbepa,mincewd miwlgd on zelerd zepwqnd.zi`wixn`d mexcd zxag 'freeîe 'free blacks' miiepikd z`.ily minebxz md xn`na e`aeiy mihehivd lk iepikd zexewna rited xy`ke,'miiyteg mixegy'l iznbxz xzeia migeexd mdy negroes'.'miiperav' dlina izynzyd 'colored' א. פשע החטיפות itk,mexcd zepicn ici lr rytk dxcbed miiyteg mixegy ly mztihgy it lr s` z` repnl izin` un`n mexca dyrp `l ik dncp,'dtihg' gpena yeniydn rnzyny mglp epi`y lr lynnd cbpk zeny`d.19îd d`nd jldna drtezd ly dzehytzd 1806 zpya.mexca ode oetva od,dtewzd ipa ici lr xak ernyed zetihgd zrteza yyl mixizen ep`" :ditlclitn yix`t oe'b `hqipyilea`d yexta z`f xn`,lynl on xhtidl mivex miyp`y iptn cala miyceg dyiy jeza shgidl mc` ipa ze`n.zixad zevx` zepicn lka dlehia z` eywiay zecard icbpzn ly miiepik did 'mihqipyilea`' `

4 101 "?miiytegd mixegya dyrii dn" bdepd" ik mirayen xag ly g"ec 1816 zpya raw cplixna 5."miiytegd mixegyd ly divn`ne dzepxr ici lr mlaiiy mewna miiytegde micard ztihg ly `xepd cbp weg cplixna wwgp `l,ok it lr s`e 6."dnevr zexidna xaeb eply dxhynd eidye dtihgd ryta zexiyi mipcd dpicn iweg,dyrnl.miiyteg mixegy ly mztihg dxyr yng jezn ynga wx ewwgp,xzei milirie mixaben dyipre dtik` ile` mixyt`n,zetihgd cbp ilxct weg lk migxf`d zngln iptl wwgp `l,ok enk.mexcd zepicn lr zaxern dziid dtihgd rytay dcaera aygzda,zeax riiql `ed s` leki didy miniiwd miwegd it lr dtik`d zepeiqipl dxizqa.zepicn xtqn oia drepz aex it mixegy lr exq`y miwegd mze` e`a,el`k ewwgp oda zepicna zetihg cbp miwegle cirdl zetihgd zepaxew ly mzleki i`.mipal cbpk ililt htyna cirdl miiyteg dwiwgd z` dliykd dyrnle,htynd ziaa dryxdd iiekiqa zeyw dlaig mditheg cbpk.zetihg cbp xzeia dlecbd mithegd ziitepk d`xpd lkk,lynl oeqpe'bîoep`w ziitepk ixag 1829Îl 1817 mipyd oia.mrt xg` mrt wegd ly `lnd eypern ewng,mexca dlrty,oeqpe'b e'b.llk ehtyp `l j` minrt xtqn miiyteg mixegy ly zetihga eny`ed md mixegyd apbe shegd ile`"k xeelc ly illkd raezd ici lr x`ezy mc`,dxeagd ibidpnn.ryxed `l j` dtihg zny`a zeax minrt el` mipya htyp 7,"dpicna xzeia mqxetnd lr oecip `ed,xeelca htyn zia ici lr dtihga my` seqal `vnp xy`k,1822 zpya jxd wlgd jezigle,zexnqenn eipfe` xy`k dry jyna cqle zewln miyelyl weg it.cala cqle zewlnl zgtede lyend ici lr wzned df yper j`,okn xg`l eipfe` ly zny`a df did `l,1829 zpya ditepkd ixag seqal eryxed xy`k,ipexi` ote`a ryxedy ditepkd ixag oian icigid.di'bxe'bn micar xgeq ly gvx zny`a `l`,dtihg ipya 1821 zpya xeelca ryxedy,xegy mc`,lpxet oe'b `weec did dtihg zexara ditlclita htyn zia ici lr zipy ryxede qtzp,wegd icin wng j` dtihg ixwn 8.xlec mitl` zrax` ly qpwle `lka dpy miizye mirax`l oecipe,1827 zpya איור מתוך ספרו של ג'ס טורי 'דיוקן העבדות בארצות הברית' משנת המתאר חטיפה של,1817. שחורים חופשיים

5 xec wxa 102 miiyteg mixegy ly mztihg ryt ly ezripnl rbepd lka mexcd zepicn ly cid zlf`.dxxal yiy idylk zinipt dxizq zcner dqiqaa ik il dncp.xaqd zyxec mzxikne oezir ly zkxrn xn`na miazkpy mixaca `evnl ile` ozip dxiwgd oeeikl micwn fnx,zeiyep`d mb enk,zeipicnd" :zetihgd zrtez cbpk 1827 zpya `viy f'v`p xira zeieyi ly mzxfgda riiql ick mzeyxl cnerd irvn` lka eynzyi epigxf` ik miyxec mixegy aex it lr" ik orhp envr xn`nd eze`ayk,"odizegtynle ozial el` zepkqn cvd on 9."epkezl qipkdl xegal mrt i` lkepy xzeia rexbd miyp`d beq mpid miiyteg mze` dvex `ed oi` xg`d cvd on j`,mzexig z` mitehgl xifgdl azekd ywan cg`d.dpald dxaga mb.mnvr miiytegd mixegya xnelk,zetihgd i`yena dpenh,d`xp jk,dirad jk lya ile`.dketid z` drwedd dkeza zllek,drtezd z` mexca miriwen xy`k cid zlf` z` uxzl ile`e,drtezd zehytzdl miripnd z` xiaqdl miywan s` ozip mze` miitqkd zepexzid".ihilet e` ibele`ici` orhn ilehp mibyena,dzripna mdy cr,miax dk eil` qiibn `ede minevr dk mpid df wcv xqg xgqn zrk ae`yl mirayen xag opew jk 10 "ielba mdl cbpzdl e`,miniiwd miwegd iipirn wengl milbeqn dcnry dgpdd ik dncp.zetihgd zrtez zehytzd lr 1817 zpya xeelc zpicn ly diilrd ik,epini cr mipeixehqid axwa zgeexd dgpdd dze` `id el` mixac qiqaa z` dccery `id `,1808 xg`l cgeinae d`nd zligz f`n micr eid dl micard ixigna ywia df mirayen xag,zexg` milina.dneiwl uixnzd z` dzeeide drtezd zehytzd rva zticx icia zrpend zepiixar ly drtez miiyteg mixegy ly mztihga ze`xl.dheyt zel`y izrcl mixxern,mpi`y eli`e,df xaqd min`ez dtihgd ixwn lk `l mle` on 1860 zpya dthgp xy`k xyr za dziid lynl oniit hxbxn.dlek drtezd lr oxwea qxit ly wahd rhn,'qixh`ia zfeg`' l` dpetv dgwlp `id.'bex oeh`aa sivxd ziztxvl dxene dieel zak dyny mye,iwhpwa mirhn lrae reci micar xgeq,qpiid 11 micard xgeq.miitqk mpi` diripny dtihgl daeh `nbec `ed bixgd dxetiq.eiclil ilan i`ceea z`f zeyrl did leki eicli zlkyd z` aigxdl ywiay iwhpwn xiyrd zxxern jk dyry dcaerd j`,eziaa diitka dwifgdle diiyteg zih`len dcli sehgl ezlertl xaqdd uerp `ny e`?dxen ly exky z` jeqgl ywia wx m`d ± zel`y?dze` davry dibele`ici`ae enler zqitza oetvn lr xenyl jxck mb itqkd xaqdd ile` yniy,xeelc enk zecar zepicn xear.ihplh`d micard xgq wqtede zixad zevx`l mi`wixt` micar ly mz`ad jynd lr xq`p 1808 zpya `

6 103 "?miiytegd mixegya dyrii dn" dncp lirl e`aedy mixacd exn`py drya.xayna dxag ly di`elgz z` yigkdle iwp mixegyd on feg` 75.lreta zecar zpicn zeidln lecgl dkxca xak z`vnp xeelcy did dze`a oetva rvennd feg`d on s` deab feg`,1810 zpya xak miiyteg eid dpicna 12 13Îd oewizd z` xy`l zepexg`d zepicnd zg`l xeelc dziid,ok it lr s`e.zr xeyi`îi`l `.1901 zpya wx z`fe,dnegza zecard z` inyx ote`a lhale dwegl zernyn lk dziid `l 1865 zpya cegi`d zepicn aex ici lr lawzdy xg`l oewizd ihnbxt wa`n did `l mexcd ly zecxyidd wa`n.cala zilnq zernyn `l`,ziyrn,zexewiad eklidy mei`d lceb z` oiadl ozip jk wx.miig jxc lr y`ep wa`n `l` mexcd zxag.zecard zepicn lr zeiytegd zepicnd cvn zexaebd zeriazde,mivgld mixegy ly mztihg zrtez z` mwnl zpn lr.dzedf lr dtwzd zgz dxag dziid.dxear el` eeidy mei`d z` dligz oegal yi mexcd zxag ly dtna miiyteg ב. האיום הפנימי על החברה הלבנה mei`d z` enlib miiytegd mixegyd,uegan mei`d z` enlib oetva zecard icbpzn m` xegy".oexeniqwe` iytegd xegyd deeid dxegy zecar lr zqqeand dxaga.miptan 13 bele`ici`d,eivit 'bxe'b 1850 zpya azk "cxeqa`k dncp envr gpend `eld?iyteg dtewzd on cer mexca zgeexd dqitzd a.dnglnd iptly mipya mexcd ly xzeia hlead 14 ly mixegyd iwega.zxg` gkei `ly cr car `ed xegy lk ik dziid zil`ipelewd 15."car `ed [...] xegy lk ik cinz gpei" :yexita azkp 1740 zpyn dpiilexw mexc dktde mzexg z` gikedl miiyteg mixegy lr dzywd htynd iza ly ef dcear zgpd mipken eidiy mipalae zcde` `l htyn zkxrn ly dicqga miielzl dax dcina mze` 16 ze`nvrd zngln zepy xg`l mexca dxabe dkld caa ca mle`.iwegd mcnrn lr cirdl exxery mei`d zyegz dxab jk mxtqn lcby lkk.micar mpi`y mixegy ly mzegkep zpya ;miiyteg mixegy 32,357 mexca eid 1790 zpya.xzei zxreae ziynnl dktde zkynzne daivi dziid ef dilr 17.feg` 800În xzei ly lecib.261,918 mxtqn did 1860 mixegyd xtqn did oda,cplixne xeelc enk zepicna.elek mexca dtewzd lk jxe`l 18.miiyteg mixegy ly icizr aex iptn yyg xxerzd s`,cgeina lecb miiytegd mixegyd dxear eeidy dxizqd z` ayiil dziid dleki `l mexcd ly dibele`ici`d `.1995 zpya wx itiqiqine,1976 zpya dwegl 13d oewizd z` iwhpw dxyi` xeelc xg`l a miihqixplin zepeirxl dzwif z` wcae eivit 'bxe'b ly ezebda wqr df zr azka mqxety mcew xn`n,did did,'eivit 'bxe'b ly ezebda zecard lr dpbde mfixplin',ldpxhy lri d`x ;eztewza a"dx`a egeexy.(a"qyz) 1

7 xec wxa 104 ilan izxagd xcqa mewn dl `evnl ozip `ly dilnep` eid md dzpigan.miiytegd,miiyteg miyp` ly mavna enyei [miiytegd mixegyd] md m`".hlgen qxda okzqdl zpya l`ey "?oeieeyd eze`a epicar z` qipkp `ly recn,epl mieey zeidl micizre mixegy ly dravdd zekf dlhea ea,dpiilexw oetv ly izwegd qepika bivp 1835 ly dne` iipira idef" :bivpd siqed dixg`ly,oaenk zixehx dl`y ef dziid.miiyteg 19 hxtd zeiekfe oeieey,zexg.da mewn did `l miiytegd mixegyle "...mipal miyp` mze` welgle,ze`nvrd zngln xg`l dpald zi`wixn`d zedfa miizedn miaikxnl eid.mzxweia rebtl did mipeye mizegpk izxeqn ote`a eqtzpy el` mr d`nd jldna miiytegd mixegyd eeidy zibele`ici`d dirad dnvrzde dkld cgeina cnerd zecard cqen z`e eiig jxc z` wicvdl mexcd ly jxevd xabe jld xy`k,19îd dibele`ici`a xvazdle,dqiqaa.xzei zitwzde zihpxdew,zyaebn oirxbl jtdy 'iaeigd aehd' oerih z` silgd mexcd ly ibele`ici`d rxd' ly lvpznde oyid oerihd enk gex iyp`e mibele`ici`.'igxkdd (Simms) qniq xenlib m`iliee,eivit dhiyd ik gikedl eywia,mixg`e on zegt ziplvp zecard ly zilklkd card ly eavny,oetvd ly mfilhitwd lraye,xikyd lretd ly dfn xzei aeh caa ca.lrtnd lra lr dler micard zece` zeiprfb zeprha el` zeprh exfyp ly mzgbyd xcrday,mrahe mixegyd avnl gxkda excxczi mipal,dwixt`a mdizea` ly iaihinixtd,invr oehlyl zlekia miwifgn md oi`y izxynk `ed irahd mnewn jkitlye mnvra leynl zekfd".oald mc`d "df lynnl zlekid z`,ziy`x,zyxec dze` zleki,1838 zpya qniq azk mziitka" wx xegyd mc`d ezrcl biyi 20 jkl di`xk."el zelrp zene` ly הפועל הצפוני מול הפועל הדרומי איור בן התקופה ממקור לא ידוע המדגים את אחד הטיעונים הפופולריים בעד העבדות: בניגוד לבעל המפעל, האדון דואג לעבדיו החולים והזקנים.

8 105 "?miiytegd mixegya dyrii dn" dhpq enk zenewn,micar zecixn eygxzd oda zeiaixw zeayen oze` mizirl eyniy ltedy dryn mii`xep zepelyikl mibele`ici`d zrcl ektdy,dpe`l dxiiqe dbpinec 21.mipiiprd z` ldpl elgd mixegye oald oehlyd mda dyrnl `ed xegyd mc`d z` oald mc`d caryny jkay `ed el` mixacn rnzynd ipan mipwtqd ly mpetvn lr i`ceea dlwd ef dyitz.envrn eze` riyene enr aihin xeyra dktd `id ik `lt oi`e,mdizelert zwcvdl mixg`e mi`wihilet dyniye,mexcd mexca `l` oezgzd mexcd zepicna wx `l zihppinecl migxf`d zngln iptly oexg`d [...] zrvxp zelz ly df mewn `lnl dpeilr dgbyd icia crep i`wixt`d xegyd".elek 22 jk."iyteg mc` ly el`n zg` `l s`e,carl zeni`znd zepekzd lk z` mda yi.1835 zpya dpiilexw mexc lyen `hazd lynl mixegyd xtqna zcnznd dilrl dxizqa e`a df beqn miibele`ici` miperih mle` dglvdl ekfy miiytegd mixegyd ziiqelke`a miwlg ly mneiw mvrle mexca miiytegd ziiqelke` aexy it lr s`.dpald dxagd mdilr dztky zeaxd zelabnd zexnl ziqgi egilvdy el`k eid,zeirevwn `l zeceara xwira ewqre iper iig eig miiytegd mixegyd 23.mnvra micar ilral s` mihrne,yekx ilral ektd mixg`,miirevwn micaerk 19Îd d`nd jxe`l zcnzn dilr lr miriavn miqin ineyixe oiqelke` inyxnn mipezp 24 oerih lr xbiz e`xw el`.mexca miiyteg mixegy ly mzelraa `vnpd yekxd swida zywand mexcd zxag xear xrxrn mxebl miiytegd mixegyd z` ektde 'iaeigd aehd'.dnvr z` wicvdl s` dxrxr axern `venn eid miiytegd mixegyd ziiqelke`n lecb wlgy dcaerd mr ccenzdl wegd z` dvli`e zinexcd dibele`ici`a zipaend zirfbd dpgadd lr `id mipeixhixw zepeyd mexcd zepicn eraw dxixa zila.xegyd mc`d z` xicbdl jxevd xegy ik rawp zexg`ae,xegy eiaqn cg` zegtly ink xegyd xcbed owlga.jk jxevl 25 dpald dxagd axwa exxer el` zeriaw.xegy `ed eiaq zea`n cg` zegtly in `ed ewl xarn wegd ly ezeqga ewngiy xer ixida miiyteg mixegy iptn xaeb cgt mexca zltwnd,xegy `ed in dl`yd z` exxer od,jkn xzei.hilyd cnrnd l`e ravd mei`d zyegz dxabzdy dryn.oal `ed in dl`yd z` xnelk,dketid z` oaenk dkeza.dpald dxagd xear zelaqp izlal el` zel`y ektd 1860 z`xwl mexcd lr uegan did ea avnd z` exrxry jka izxagd xcqd zeaivi lr enii` mb miiyteg mixegy elki cer lk.letil oal mc` s` lkei `l eil`y izxagd mleqd zizgz xegyd mc`d oecrend on wlgk mnvr yetzle,xegyd card lr dlrnln hiadl miipr mipal dghaede,miicnrnd migznd epqex,zinexcd dihxwencd ly oald iaiqelwqw`d mixegy ly mzqpkd mle`.micar ilra mpi`y el` ly mcvn mb zecard cqena dkinzd

9 xec wxa 106 dpald zecg`d z` qexdl dnii`e,ea zexagd jxra zegitl dnxb oecrenl miiyteg 26.miicnrn miwa`n ccerle zenlbzdl `eti` dktd miiytegd mixegyd ly dlcbe zkledd zizxagd dveawd miax mipal ici lr mbxez df mei`.mexca dpald zedfde izxagd xcqd lr mei`d mdilr opelzdl ozipy miiynn mei` ibeql,xzei miqtzp mibyenl mipey zecnrnn "elwlwi" miiytegd mixegydy did micard ilra ly ixwir yyg.mcbpk miweg wwegle zixyt`d zexgl dig `nbec miiytegd mixegyd eedi mnir errexziy jka.micard z` elzyie,rhnd on aepbl mze` ecceri,zeiv xqeg mda exxeri,mze` ezigyi,mxear zixa ilrak eytzp miiytegd mixegyd.zecbpzde dgixa lr zeaygn my`xa.ixn zepeiqiple mihlnp micarl riiql milelry ink jkitle,micard ly miil`ivphet zeidl eid mixen`y leab ieew yhyhl ick ea did mexca miiytegd mixegyd ly mneiw dzegkep.xg`d cvd on xegyd mc`de zecar ;cg` cva oald mc`de zexg.mixexae micg lezyl dnii`e,ef dinehekic lr xbiz d`xw qxznd icv ipyn ecnry mixegy zveaw ly.micard ly mzrca wtqd z`.wega iehia `vn micarl miiyteg mixegy oia mixyw iptn dpald dxagd ly dcgt mexcd zepicn elgd,micar ly mzgixa zrtez 19Îd d`nd z`xwl dxabe dkld xy`k.miiyteg mixegyl qgiizda xwirae,miriiqnl wega mireawd miyperd z` xingdl xzei micak miyper wega exfbp odilr zexard on eid mihlnp micarl reiq ly zexiar 27 :ik lynl miraew 1852 zpyn dnal` ly zecard iweg.mipall xy`n mixegyl,mixegy ixebn e`,sixv,gahn lka,car lk ly ezxaga `vniiy,iyteg iperav mc` lk yng,efky dxar lk xeara,lawi,df car ly gibynd e` milrad on azka xeyi` `ll e` milrad ici lr epzpiiy ;zewln ryze miyely,ztqep dxar lk xeare ;zewln dxyr.xeiq zwlgna xag e` weg yi` lk ici lr e`,card ly gibynd eziaa car ly eze`vnid lr xzei mixeng s`e minec miyper miraew mitqep mitirq xy`k `edy beq lkn micar qepika iyteg xegy zetzzyd lr e`,iyteg xegy ly 28.migibyn e` micar ilra migkep mpi` mewna d`xpd lkk deeid,dfky qepika ligzdl ile` dziid dleki ezepbx`zdy,micar cxn miiytegd mixegyde xg`n.mexca dpald dxagd ly xzeia milecbd micgtd cg` z` mrt lka,cxn iptn cgtd xxer,zecixn ly miil`ivphet mipbx`ne miccernk eytzp miaxern eid ok` mda mixwnd herin zexnl z`f.mcbpk zexiyi zeaebz,ritede xfgy zevxl oeiqipa ile`,zeax minrt ik s`e,xyw zxiywe cxn zepeiqipa miiyteg mixegy zepeiqip lkql zeieyxl miiyteg mixegy eriiq `weec,mdl lkpznd oald oehlyd z`

10 107 "?miiytegd mixegya dyrii dn" dxagd z` eyniy miaxern miiyteg mixegy eid mda mihrnd mixwnd 29.mipey zecbpzd mpebx`ay zil`ipelewd dtewzd on ixn zepeiqip.ienicd zxivil enxze ze`nbeck dpald miiyteg mixegy itlk ze`nvrd zngln onfa ernypy zeny`d,miiyteg mixegy ecygp iqie wxnpc ly cxnd oeiqipe,miihixad zegekl sxhvdle cexnl micar miccern mdy mirexi` mb.miiytegd mixegyd mieedny dpkql dxe`kl di`xk eyniy,1822 zpya z` eail,dbpinec dhpq e`,dxxnc,dwiin'ba zeiennewzdd enk,zixad zevx`l uegn 30.miiytegd mixegyd itlk dptedy,micar cxn iptn cgtd iptn cgt.miiytegd mixegyd ly mcvn mei` eyg xzei jenp cnrnn mipal mb oeqiixb.'b m`iliee egly 1831 zpya.zeieyxl zepelza zeptl mdn miax xxer zexgz ilra mipal drax`e miyiy mya dxizr dpiilexw mexc ly h`pql x`icxee.x qnii'be lya dpicnd ly xcxcznd davn lr eppelzd md.dpld hpq fegna miiyteg zerevwn eeid mdy zixyt` izlad zexgzd lre,dnegza mi`vnpd miiytegd mixegyd xtqn,oin`dl mileki eid `l md.cearl mipken md ezxenz jenpd xkyd lya oald caerd xear 31 "dpicnd ly diite`l dfane zigyn,jxr xqg dk cnrnl" xyt`z dpicnd ik,mdixacl.mnewn z` qetzl mipezir iab lr zeprh elrde zepehlyd l` zepelza mipal ept mexcd iagx lka cecir lr mb `l`,zpbed `l zexgz lr wx `l eppelzd md.miiytegd mixegyd cbpk da gvnd zefr".mipal itlk ceak zpbtd xqege dtveg lre,zxvezd on aepbl micar opew ",zlaqp izla hlgda `id epxir ly miiytegd mixegyd on miax xira miaaezqn oyrd z` mihlet,mixbiq mr mdn miax mi`ex epgp`".1856 zpya bxeaqxhta oezir zipehqead dlidwd elit`y gex xew zcina [...] mipec`e zexiab ly mdipta gixqnd gvn zefr" ik dpgadd z` 1858Îa mxz qpilxe`îeipa inei oezir."oal mc`a leaqz `l 32."miiperav miiyteg miyp` ly dpey`xd dlrnd on oiit`n zeidl dligzn.zeplhae zeplvr,zepiixar,dtveg,zexgz.miax mixac lr `eti` mippelzn mipal leab mibiyn mdy lr dyrnl `id miiytegd mixegyd itlk zizin`d mzpelz mle` mixegy mr dihxwencde oeieeyd,zexgd zepzn z` welgl zexyt`d.dpal dixehixha qexdl didz ezernyn jk zeyrl.mexca mipald ly mziaxn xear zytzp izla `id xcqd mr ayiizn eppi` heyt miiytegd mixegyd ly mneiw.mdl xkend mexcd z` exeaig myk,"?miiytegd mixegya dyrii dn".eizeceqi z` xrxrl ilan mexca izxagd.zxrea dl`y ok m` `id,1850 zpyn eivit ly

11 xec wxa 108 ג. תגובת הדרום לאיום 33 eivit gzet ef dnfbda "ef dl`yl oexzta oiipern zaxeznd mlerd on zivgn hrnk" zipexwrk dirad dqtzp jk ick cr.miiytegd mixegyd ziiraa wqerd exeaig z` mexcd zepicn eqxt oeghia zyx enk.ilqxaipe` cnrn dl wiprdl ywan eivity dtegce jxc,dpicnd znxn.mdilr cnry mei`d cbpk egzity zxewiade iekicd ipepbpn z` oeiqipa dtik` ipepbpn epbxe`e mipey miweg ewwgp,zinewnd dlidwl cre,fegnd znx mexcd did jixv idylk jxca.mei`d z` wlqle miiytegd mixegyd zl`y lr zeprl.`edy zenk sexivd z` lqgl e` eicgi ewacy 'iyteg'îl 'xegy'îd oia cixtdl xegyd ly ezexig zlabd ici lr dziid z`f zeyrle zeqpl mexcd ly zg` jxc cnrnd oial mpia dcixtnd dneg oirnk cenrl ecrepy miweg ly zkxrn zxfra iytegd ly ecnrn l` dxfga iytegd xegyd z` wegcl oeiqip df did zeax zepigan.oald zcin.zegt iytegl ektdl mexcd zepicn eywia,dirad `ed iytegd xegyd m`.card d`nd on j`,zil`ipelewd dtewzd on cer wega dlabed miiyteg mixegy ly ytegd ieaix ly dnbn xexaa zedfl ozip,migxf`d zngln iptly mixeyra cgeinae,19îd miweg enxrpe ekld jk dpald dxagd lr mei`d xaby lkk.mexca dliabnd dwiwgd iwega milcad onfd mr.miiytegd mixegyd cbpk,mipey mipewize mitirq,miycg z` evni` cegi`l etxhvdy zeycg zecar zepicn,envnhvde ekld zepeyd zepicnd cig`l jtd iytegd xegyd ly iwegd ecnrne,xzei zewized zepicnd ly mixegyd iweg.mexcd iagx lka dax dcina on dllyp dravdd zekf on wlga miiytegd mixegyd dtewza cer zepicnd oetve mexc.zil`ipelewd mixegy lr wegaexq`dpiilexw zpya xak riavdl miiyteg אישור על מעמדה החופשי של הריאט בולינג, פטרסבורג, וירג'ניה, ;1723 zpya dipi'bxie ;1715 xg`l.1761 zpya di'bxe'be zewegd elly ze`nvrd zngln zekf z` mexcd zepicn aexa,miiyteg mixegyn dxigad ici lr mzravd drpnp owlgae 34.miinewn miweg

12 109 "?miiytegd mixegya dyrii dn" mixegyd eyxcp,xegyd mc`d xear lcgnd zxixa z` zecara d`exd zkxrna ywaznk myxidle,iytegd mcnrn z` mixy`nd miknqn zr lka mteb lr z`yl miiytegd miiytegd mixegyd eyxcp dpiilexw mexca.inewnd sixyd lv` e` diixird icxyna."iyteg" dlind eilre bz mditzk lr ceprl mb,1785 zpyn weg it lr,miipexird dhily dpicnl xyt`l ecrepy mipey`xd meyixd iweg dipi'bxiea ewwgp 1793 zpya z` ycgl miiytegd mixegyd eyxcp xira.miiytegd mixegyd ziiqelke` lr zxewiae mixegy oia dpgadd ziiray okid,xtkd ixef`a ;dpy lka iytegd mcnrn lr xeyi`d zkxrn.mipy yely lka myxidl eyxcp md,zegt dxeng dziid micarl miiyteg dvni` 1805 zpya.dipi'bxie zeawra ekldy zexg` zepicnl lcen dyniy ef zxewia mexcd zepicn.iwhpw mb z`f dzyr okn xg`l dpyke,dnec meyix iweg zkxrn xeelc j`,xzei xge`n ef jxcl ept,xzei ohw miiytegd mixegyd xtqn did oda,oezgzd 35.zepey mixra mcew cer oda ewwgp miinewn meyix iweg dipi'bxie.mipal cbpk htyn izaa cirdl mb,xen`k,xq`p miiyteg mixegy lr miltye mizgyen mpid miiytegd mixegyd ik dprha 1732 zpya xak wega z`f draw miiytegd mixegyd on dllyp ef zekfe,dizeawra ekld mexcd zepicn xzi.mrahn zepicna ik m`,dp`ifi`ele itiqiqin,xeelc hrnl mexcd zepicn lka 19Îd d`nd jldna mzecr oi` ik gipdl did laewne,dax zepwtqa mixegy micr htynd iza elaiw el` 36 cbpk htyn ziaa cirdl iytegd xegyd ly ezleki i`.oal mc` ly efl jxr zeey aex it lr eid el` oky,zetihgd zrtez ly xywda xzeia zizernyn dziid oal mc` dyrnl micigid micrde shgpde xg`n.xegy mc` cbpk oal mc` icia rveand ryt.shegd ly ezryxd zeax minrt drpnp,mixegy eid exq`,zepey mixrae,zefegna,zepicna 19Îd d`nd jldna ewwgpy mitqep miweg sq`zdl,xgqne oic zkixr,d`etx oebk,minieqn zerevwna weqrl miiyteg mixegy lr zerya xver mxear eraw s` micg` zenewnae,wyp z`yl,mipal ly gewit `ll eicgi 37 s` owlgae,zepicnd on dnka weg it lr mdilr xq`p xtq izaa cenil mb.dlild aeyg sepn `ed jepig ik ahid dpiad dpald dxagd.llka daizkde d`ixwd cenil lynl wletxepn q`lbc hxbxn lr.z`f repnl dywiae ilklke izxag cnrn xetiyl miiyteg mixegy micli dcnily jk lr ipexird `lkd ziaa xq`n yceg 1854 zpya xfbp 38 i`wixt`d xtqd zia ly dxwnd mb.mixg`l `nbec ynyz ornle,aezke `exw daeh `nbec `ed,iyteg xegy,oeqxtwn xtehqixk 1811 zpya miwdy cpen'vixa oeqxtwn.mzlkyd z` aigxdl miiyteg mixegy ly mdizepeiqip itlk dpald zepierl micare miiyteg mixegy xear axr icenill xtq zia gzte oal dxen ly eizexy z` xky.mitqep zerevwne,dinepexhq`,ditxbe`ib,ilbp` xiagz ecnlp ea,mpec` znkqda

13 xec wxa 110 znwd xg`l xvw onf.mipald cpen'vix iayez iipira ef dnfei og d`vn `l,elfn rexl zia ici lr yxcp `ed ea ecbp lgd ihtyn jild ;el lkpzdl dxhynd dlgd xtqd zia seqal ;lertl el gipdl yiye xeaivl cxhn deedn epi` xtqd zia ik gikedl htynd laeq `ed ik dlzn`a bxeaqn`ilieea gex ilegl dqgnd ziaa diitka ftye`e xvrp `ed 39.miizc zepeifge zeifdn ax mipalde miiytegd mixegyd ziiqelke` oia jekigd did mda,zelecbd mixra eywiaye,oald mc`d zepeilr z` lnql ecrepy mipey miweg sqepa ewwgp,xzei xegyd oia epigad `l zeax mixr.xegyd mc`d xear dze`p zebdpzd ly micew reawl el` miweg.onegza mixegyd lk lr elgy dcxtde xeqi` iweg erawe carl iytegd izal e` zecrqnl qpkidl,miixeaivd mixef`d on wlgl qpkidl mixegy lr exq` 40 lynl cpen'vixa.dkild lwn z`yl elit`e,aegxa oyrl,zexkxka reqpl,oeln xeari,dkxcnd lr oal mc` ici lr swrp e`,swer,ybetd xegy" ik ipexir weg raw on cin cxi,xearl oal mc` eze`l xyt`l ick,xacd yxcp m`e ;ipevigd dcva 41."dkxcnd ytgl miax miiyteg mixegy ewgcp zeieyxde wegd cvn zcnzn dtwzd zgz mzeida cgeina,zepicnd ici lr eccer el` zeqg ixyw.cnrn lra oal mc` ly ezeqga dpbd gwtl did mipald miqetexhet`d ly mciwtz.wega owlga epber s`e,oezgzd mexca,oilxa ly ezrcl,dyrnl e`ln jka.wegd zeieyx oial epia jeezle iytegd xegyd lr mixegyl itilg oec` oirnl dktdy,dpicnd zgz (Overseer) gibyn ly ciwtz oirn 42.miiytegd ixg` df did.ycgn ceary ici lr dziid mei`d mr ccenzdl mexcd ly ztqep jxc d`nd rvn` z`xwl mexca dgeexe dkldy dibele`ici`d itl ezeyrl oekpd xacd lkd ly mibivpd ztq` l` qaewii'b.ee qihxw bele`ici`d ene`pa dpt ",`id zn`d".19îd,1860 zpya cplixn xegyd ly ecnrn if`,i`wixt`d xear xzeia aehde oekpd `ed zecar ly cnrn m`y" cnrn `vnp mletihe mzgbyd zgzy el` ly mzaeg idefe,lkn rexbd oaenk `ed iytegd 43."mcaryl `edy ± mzgeex meciwl xzeia aehd xacd z` zeyrl df.miiyteg mixegy ycgn caryl zeiepncfd zepicnd eywia mexcd iagx lkay dncp zetewzl miiyteg mixegy mixknp eid d`ilk ze`ved e` enley `ly zeqpw lr yperk micar mzeid zny`a mixq`p miiyteg mixegy eid miax mixwna.zecar ly zeaevw 44 cplixne xeelca.iwegd mcnrn z` gikedl mzleki i` lya zecarl mixknpe mihlnp mixegy zeaexn zepicna htynd iza.zeianet zexikna mixknp mixegy mixiq` eid

14 111 "?miiytegd mixegya dyrii dn" yng ly zekex` ceary zetewzl miiyteg mixegy mixken mizirl eid el` miiyteg 45.miilrp zaipb enk zehert zexar lr xzeie mipy mixeyra 'iaeigd aehd' oerih ly zibele`ici`d dqitzd dqqazde dkldy lkk mixegyd zl`yl ycgn cearyd oexzt xzei mi`zd jk,dnglnd iptly mipexg`d wtqlzepicndonzeaxelgds`19îdd`ndlymiyingdzepyjldna.miiytegd zxeeir zepn`p jezn 46.oevxn mnvr caryl miiyteg mixegyl exyt`iy miiweg mipepbpn zepncfdd z` ynnl exdni miiytegd mixegyd ik ile` eayg mdly dibele`ici`l dibliaixtd miiytegd mixegyl ozpiz m` ik 1850 zpya xeaq did eivit.mdl drvedy 47 miiyteg mixegy,z`f zexnl.mipy xyr jeza mdn miax exzeei `l mnvr caryl,miipre mipwf,xaryl micar aex it lr eid el`.oevxn carzydl exga cala mihrn dyi` dzpt lynl 1813 zpya.micareynd mzgtyn ipa mr x`yidl eywiay el`k e` oec`l dnvr caryl dywaa dipi'bxie ly wwegnd l` dcpiqel mya zxxgeyn dxegy xknizy dyyg lya mle`,dlral daexw dxzep dxexgy xg`l dpy jyna.dlra ly yxcpk ef dtewz meza dpicnd zeleab z` dafr `ly iptn xg` mewnl gwlize zecarl 48 el`k mixwn.dlra cvl dgtyl dpevxn jetdl dywiae dpicnl azkna dxzr,wega aehd' oerih wefigle zecard zwcvdl mexcd z` eyniy,mihrn eid ik s`,mixg`e.mipezird iab lrn ebbgpe,'iaeigd z` mixxgynd micar ilra itlk xzeie xzei zpierl mexca ldwd zrc dktd liawna xexgy lr zeywdl dziid dzxhny dwiwgl zeax zepicna mbxez df gex jld.mdicar miweg dpiilexw mexca dpey`xl ewwgp 1800 zpya.lilk exq`l s` mizirle micar dixehixhae,1802îa micar xexgy xq`p di'bxe'ba,micar ly mxexgy z` miliabnd 1827,1807În miweg it lr,micar ilra eyxcp dp`ifi`ela zpya itiqiqin ly z` gihadl ick zeaxr mlyle zeieyxd xeyi`l micar xexgyl zeywa yibdl,1830îe,eicar lr ezepeaixae oec`d zeiekfa rebtl sicrd mexcd 50.okn xg`l dpicndn mz`ivi 51.miiytegd mixegyd xtqna lecibd z` xevrl zepeiqipa lagl `ly calae ici lr dziid miiytegd mixegyd on xhtidl mexcd zepicn eqip da ziyily jxc daeyz zzl dpald dxagd dywia inexcd agxnd on iqitd mweliq zervn`a.dwgxd dpzp 19Îd d`na mexca dgnvy ycgn aeyiid zrepz.miiytegd mixegyd mei`l ztqep drepz.dpal dxagk mexcd z` xnyl,oeilrd mexca cgeina,miax ly mpevxl iehia mixegye mixxgeyn micar ly dwixt`a ycgn maeyiie mzxibd z` ccerl dywia ef zeipkez ly ozglvdy it lr s`.zepicnd on oeninl ekf mipeyd dipebx`e,miiyteg mexcd ly sqep oeiqipk oxikfdl aeyg,xzeia dhren xac ly eteqa dziid ycgn aeyiid.eaxwn miiytegd mixegyd z` wlql

15 xec wxa 112 zipkezd dyaeb,xzeia axd miiytegd mixegyd xtqn zlra dpicnd,cplixna dpicnd ici lr dvwed dpy mixyr ipt lr $200,000 ly mekq.xzeia zipzt`yde dlecbd mzgily z` onnle,miiyteg mixegy ly mzwgxd z` gihadl ick ycgn aeyiid zipkezl,ok enk.mrpkyl ecrepy mihltntde zlcl zlcn mipkeqd,ze`vxdd z`,dwixt`l lr dxibd oial ycgn ceary oia xegal aiig xxgeyn car lk ik erawy miweg ewwgp dnec zipkez dxdna dvni` dipi'bxie.cplixn ly ycgn aeyiid zxag ly dizeipkez it 52.dpya $500 ef dxhnl eavwed iqphae,mipy yng ipt lr $18,000 dyeninl daivwde zeaxae,onegzl miiyteg mixegy ly dxibd repnl s` mexcd zepicn eywia,sqepa mixegy ly dxibd 1793 zpya xak dxq` dipi'bxie.mzqipk zripnl miweg ewwgp odn dpicnd inegz z` aefrl mixxgeynd micard lk lr ik draw mb 1806 xg`le,miiyteg exyei z` gikedl iyteg xegy xbdn lk lr ik raewd weg wwgp di'bxe'ba.dpy jeza ly qn mlyl sqepae,yxebiy e` ezqipk mein miyceg dyiy jeza dpicnl ezlreze dnegzl miiyteg mixegy ly mzqipk z` liabdl dpiilexw oetv dzqip 1795 zpya.$20 jqa aeg zxb` yekxl dpicnl qpkidl ywand iyteg xegy lk lr ik raewd weg ici lr dpiilexw mexc.zianet dxikna exknie,e`lki,exq`i wegd xg` e`lni `ly el`.$200,1807 zpya z`f dxq` iwhpw,1800 zpya miiyteg mixegy ly mzqipk z` lilk dxq` iyteg xegy lk lr ik raw 1852 zpyn dnal` ly mixegyd cew zpya xeelce 54 eqpwx`a.mei miyely jeza dpicnd z` aefrl 1832 x`exat xg`l dpicnl qpkpy 55.dpicnd z` aefrl miiytegd mixegyd lk lr ik 1860 zpyn weg raw zlaewn,lirl izipny miaxd dlabdde gewitd zepwze miweg ly mztik`l rbepd lka xqeg,mc` geka xeqgn z`tn,dtivxe dcig` dxevae d`elna dxyt`zp `l ef ik drcd zipywrd j` ziaiqtd mzecbpzde,zekenp zexekyn,dtik`d iteb ly zipebx` zeliri 56 did ef diral mexcd zepicn ly oexztd.mdl ziivl eyxcpy miiytegd mixegyd ly dcinr ly cinzn avna miiytegd mixegyd z` dxizedy,dtivx `le zizexixy dtik`a oegha mezqy oirnl miaxd zepwzde miwegd ektd jka.oehlyd iptn cgte xnynd lr cgt ly mirbxa `eal ehp iekice zxaben dtik` ly zeievxtzd,ok`e.mexg zryl mipepbpnd lk ly ztzeynd mzilkz ik il dncp,mewn lkn.dpald dxagd axwa xaben.iytegd xegyd ly eleqig `ide,icnl dxexa zepicnd eniwdy iekicd zkxrna ד. החטיפות כאיבר במערכת הדיכוי oeibd eze` xg` zawer miiyteg mixegy ly dtihgd zlerty dcaerd on mlrzdl dyw xegy mc` zrixb ± dtihgd zlert ly d`vezd.dibele`ici`d z` ixnbl zn`eze,dgpn

16 113 "?miiytegd mixegya dyrii dn" zilkzd z` wiecna dniybn ± micard zavnl eztqede miiytegd mixegyd zveawn `eti` xyt` i`.mexca miiytegd mixegyd iekic zkxrna mixai`d lkl ztzeynd zeiyi`d mdizexhn.zetihgd ly ozripnl lertl mexcd ly qxhpi`a wtq lihdl `ly onewn z` dyrnl mipyn mpi` dlertl mdly zeihxtd zeaiqde mnvr mithegd ly.mei`k ytzpy dn itlk milrtend mirvn`d zkxrna wlgk mb dtihgd z` aivdl ozip,zepicnd eniwdy ziwegd iekicd zkxrn cvl ly zei`xw` zeievxtzd.oal xexh ly,ziwegîxal,dliawn,ztqep iekic zkxrnn zelidwa ihxt ote`a elrtedy,mdicil wegd z` migweld mipal cvn dcgtde zenil` miiytegd mixegyd z` mnewna cinrdl ick dpald dxagd z` od s` eyniy,zepey azkp ",rcei eppi` in".mixegyd iweg ly dxicq `ld dtik`l dneca elrte,dkezay :1823 zpya cpen'vixa oezira dxeagl `ed heyt dnk cr,dlidw xear dgece fibxnl envr jtd [...] iyteg xegy xy`k dpicrd dgkezd z` el wiprdle,ezgtynne ezhinn eze` zgwl,zelild cg`a exwal ile`,oepind lr xefgl ozip zelil dnk jeza?epevxn aefrl eripdl ick,dxeng d`wlday 57.aefrl onefne oken jted xegady [...] cr,elicbdl,oxear enwed zecgein zeveawe zepbxe`nl dfd beqd on zelert eyrp minieqn zenewna zeieyxd elykpy xg`l.htynd zkxrn ly siwr cecirae dlidwd ly dzkinza elrty ly jxerd jk lr xird,iyteg xegy ly dvnyl reci wqr xebql oeiqipa cpen'vixa oiiprd z` egwii mnvr migxf`d m` `ltzdl jixv yi` oi`" :miinewnd mipezird cg` htynd ziae "hrnk oeeb lkn rexe zezigy erwa ea zerxvd ow z` eqxdie,mdicil gvn zefr dzpted eitlk xy` oal mc`l" ik yxetna raw dpiilexw oetv ly oeilrd 58."zihetiyÎxal jxc lka dxvrl zekfd dpyi dzeeid `idy ineineid mei`de,zexhep ly ef zkxrnl ahid dni`zd dtihgd zlert milecbd mileyknd cg`.zxewiae iekic irvn`k `ed s` lrt miiytegd mixegyd xear zetihgd eyniy df oaena.mzexig z` gikedl iyewd did mithgpd len eavipy xzeia ewgcy jka,odly iekicd zeipicn z`e mexcd zepicn ly miqxhpi`d z` ztqep mrt mithgpd eqip mrt `l.ocbpk gehia oirnk meyixd iweg mr dlert szyl miiyteg mixegy miknqnd lr mci eniyi el`y zpn lr mixegye mipal mixkn mr xyw i`yga xevil xenihlea zceb`' enk mipebx` ly mznwd 59.xeg`n exzepy miiyteg mzeid z` mixy`nd cbpk dpbdl (Baltimore's Society for Relief in Case of Seizure) 'dqitz dxwna dxfrl ezegkep lr driavn,miiytegd mixegyd zelidw aexa d`xpd lkk eid ezenk,zetihg 60.mexca iytegd xegyd ly mei meid iiga dtihgd mei` ly

17 xec wxa 114 izin`d dgek.envr "iyteg xegy" byend lr dxiyi dtwzd mvra dziid dtihgd s` `l`,dzlert ly d`vezd on wx `l izrcl raep ezedf lr mexcd wa`na irvn`k mixegyd zl`ya ocd exeaiga 1850 zpya eivit azk jk.dnvr dlertd zernynn :miiytegd mlern,dpy mitl` zrax` jyna divfilieeiv mr rbnay zlrezd zexnl,ok it lr s`e xey enk zieae sle`,xywp,qtzpy cr,cg` xegy `l s` i`xtd eavnn ahenl xfged `l 61.`xtd qeq e` xad mibele`ici`e eivit ly miperihd zkxrnn xexa wlg ezeid eppi` df htyna oiiprnd ekxcke,xegyd mc`d xear oekpde irahd avnk zecard z` bivdl miywand mixg` `l`,zexgd iig el migihany oelyikde zexrapd on eriyedl oald mc`d ly zixqend,dwixn`a dxegyd zecard zecleza opekn rexi` lr miyn ilan riavn `edy `weec qp`xhd micard xgq,dipi'bxie cre dxicnn.dwixt`a xegy mc` ly eztihg `ede mztihg lr lk ziy`x qqazd ycgd mlera egnvy zecard zecqen z` oifdy ihplh` axrn ly segd ixef`a mixtk lr zehiyt.zecarl mzxikne dwixt`a mixegy ly fneb ifbehxetd oeixehqidd ici lr 15Îd d`nd rvn`a zex`eznd el` enk,dwixt`,exvi,civk miclie miyp,mixab ly geka mzqitze,(de Azurara) dxxef` dc qp`i`.carl iyteg xegy mc` ly ezkitdl xzeia iqiqad dlertd mbc z`,xeaq ip` jk z` zexidna miafer,mdiclie mdizeyp mr,mixend ik e`x my xtkd oeeikl ehiad md [...].ozipy lkk miax eqtze ebxde mze` etiwzd [...] mipexg`d.mdiaie`a epigady iptn,mdiza cg` lky cera,odizeyp z` miyhep milra,odicli z` zegpef zedni` my ze`xl zleki ;mdizezwaa xzzqdl eqip mixg`,mina mnvr eriahd wlge.ezleki ahink hlnidl dqpn.xzei xge`n elbzd md my,mid iayr oia mdicli z` e`iagd,ehlniiy deewza,mixg` el` z` xetql ilan,miclie miyp,mixab mdipia,[mixen] 165 eckl `edd meia ik [...] 62.ebxdp e` ezny,15îd d`na dwixt`a gpedy xg`l,carl xegy mc` ly ezkitd zlertl ceqid mbc zgkep dxzep dtihgd.zecard ly dlehial cr dwixn` oetva miiwzde dyrnl jiynd ziwegîxal zinipt micar xgq zrepz ly ripnl dziide,dppek dze` iekicd zkxrna ik xnel mfben df didi `l s` ef han zcewpn.1808 xg`l cgeina,zixad zevx`a xak drnyed ef drc ok`e.dtihg ly zepaxew mexca micard lk ile` eid oitiwra zn`k z`fa miwifgn ep`".oetva miipeviwd zecard icbpznn dnk ici lr 19Îd d`na ly mixehd cg`a 1850 zpya azkp "shgp zixad zevx`a car lky,dil`n zpaen 63.xehxail oezird

18 115 "?miiytegd mixegya dyrii dn" zevx`a dneiw yael f` ik,zecard cqen ly zppeknd dlertk dtihgd z` lawp m` ozipy ipevig mehtniq cer `l.ixnbl dycg zernyn migxf`d zngln iptly zixad mdilr zeceqid z` znlbnd zihpxdpi` drtez `l`,micard ixign ziilra exiaqdl ile` mexcd zxag ly miqenkd diiee`nl iehia zpzepye,dligzkln zecard zxag dzzyed df dxwna.dnvr z` jka xnyle dnlera irahd enewnl xegyd mc`d z` xifgdl zhytzne zkled jk.oyid xcqd ly ycgn xeyi`l dtihgd lr dxfgd dyrnl zkted zgz dxaga,xac ly eteqa.mexcd zxag lr mei`d 19Îd d`na xaeby lkk drtezd.ztwzend zedfd ly dwefig dziid dtihgd ly dzernyn dzedf lr dtwzd סיכום dzehytzdl,miiyteg mixegy ly zetihgd zrtezl xaqd `evnl df xn`na iziqip dzernyna,dze` repnl mexcd zepicn cvn miipivx zepeiqip xcrdle,drtezd ly ixcq lr mexcd wa`na sqep irvn`k ynyl dzlekiae,dtihgd zlert ly zcgeind dprhd lr qqazd df xaqd.migxf`d zngln l` miliaend mixeyra,eiig jxce enler mvraye,zibele`ici` dxizq mexca dpald dxagd xear eeid miiytegd mixegyd ik zkxrn daebza dciled mexcd ly mei`d zyegz.ef dxag ly dzedf lr enii` mneiw ly dleqig dziid ziteqd ozilkzy,zepwze miweg,mipepbpn ly ztreqne zakxen ynyl ahid dtihgd dni`zd ef zkxrna.miiytegd mixegyd ly zizxagd dveawd z` ixnbl dn`z carl ezkitde iyteg xegy mc` zgiwl ly dlertd.sqep xai`k zehytzd z` repnl izin` oeiqip lk mexcd zepicn ici lr dyrp `l jkitl.zilkzd okzqdl ilan ef zil`nep` zizxag dveaw lawl zlbeqn dziid `l mexcd zxag.drtezd ly mzexig lr obdl xyt` `l dxegyd zecard cqen ly iniptd oeibidd.invr qxda dxizq icil e`iadl ilan,jkn rnzynd lk lr iytegd mcnrn z` jka xy`le,mixegy `ed s` yniyy oald xexhd ly ziweg xald zkxrna wlg dgwl mb dtihgd.zipqxd ccenzdl mixegyd zelidw ly jxevde dtihga ineineid mei`d.zxewiae iekic irvn`k dpald dxagd mrhn zxekfzk,dtik`d ipepbpn ly ineineid mei`l dneca,yniy ezi` zppekn dlert dyrnl `id dtihgd zlert ik izprh,sqepa.mixegyd ly mzezigpl,dwixt`a iyteg xegy ly dtihg zlerta clep elek zecard cqen.zecard zxag xear mehtniq dppi` `id.zecard ly ihpbd oteva zrahen dtihgd ik xnel ozip jkitle,mexcd z` dilr dxfgd dyniy jk lyae,dl zihpxdpi` `id `l`,zecard ly ipevig zevx` lk ipt lr.znie`nd ezedf ly ycgn xeyi`l irvn`k,19îd d`na cgeina dzzyed mdilr zeceqide,dibele`ici`d,mikxrd yeyi`l jxcl dtihgd dktd,zixad.mexcd ly zecard zxag

19 xec wxa 116 zyxec `id ike,df swida xeaig xear icn zfrep hrn `id ef dpexg` dprhe okzi dxeva gipdl izglvdy deewn wx ip`.dze` yy`l zpn lr xzei winrne agxp xwgn mle`,mexcd agxna xwira cwnzd df xn`n,ok enk.ixyt` xaqdl zeceqid z` dxiaq zrtezy il dncp.oetva mb zizxag drtezk zetihgd zernyn z` oegal didi oiiprn zngln iptly zi`wixn`d dxagd z` dkxc oegal zpiiprn dnfixt dpid zetihgd dphw ile` `idy zixehqid drtezl zpievn `nbec `ide,da rfbd iqgie migxf`d.da mialhvn xzei miifkxne milecb mi`yepy j`,zixhef`e מראי מקום.411 'nr.189±188,40 'nr,(1974) oilxa.96±95 'nr,(1976) fex.346 'nr,(1974) oilxa.259 'nr,(1854) eivit ifaep'b ;190,123,91 'nr,(1974) oilxa.402±401 'nr,(1976).94±93 'nr,(1974) oilxa.402 'nr,(1976) ifaep'b.318±317 'nr,(1974) oilxa 'nr,(1988) onlwpit d`x iyi`d dxetiq lr.439± ±317 'nr,(1974) oilxa.268±266 'nr,(1967) ciiee.320 'nr,(1974) oilxa.318,215 'nr,(1974) oilxa.370 n"r,(1974) oilxa.187±184 'nr,(2000) xbpipeeye oilwpxt.335±334 'nr,(1974) oilxa.32 'nr,(1996) qixen.267 'nr,(1854) eivit.50±49 'nr,(2001) xbpipeey.102±101 'nr,(1974) oilxa.132±131 'nr,(2004) ol`e hee'b xexgy ly zeihtynd zeiernyna agxp oeic 'nr,(1996) qixen lv` d`x mexca micar.399± 'nr,(1974) oilxa.92 'nr,(1974) oilxa.184 'nr,(1976) fex.28 'nr,(2004) ol`e hee'b,(1976) ifaep'b ;331±327 'nr,(1974) oilxa.403 'nr (1994) oeqliee.(1974) oilxa.101 'nr,(1974) oilxa.10 'nr,(1994) oeqliee.7 'nr,(1994) oeqliee.68 'nr,(1994) oeqliee.20 'nr,(1994) oeqliee,(1994),oeqliee d`x oeqpe'bîoep`w ziitepk lr.37±19 'nr.30 'nr,(1994) oeqliee.160 'nr,(1974) oilxa cxpew lv` oniit.q hxbxn ly dzecr d`x.203±200 'nr,(2001).47 'nr,(1974) oilxa.264 'nr,(1854) eivit.26±25,21 'nr,(1996) qixen.2 'nr,(1996) leele` oilwpxt lv` d`x jkl zeax ze`nbec.189±184 'nr,(2000) xbpipeeye.136,46 'nr,(1974) oilxa.210 'nr,(1974) oilxa.191 'nr,(1974) oilxa.275±274 'nr,(1838) qniq.276 'nr,(1838) qniq.193 'nr,(1974) oilxa,(1976) ifaep'b d`x micar ilra mixegy lr.408±406 'nr.244 'nr,(1974) oilxa.n 161 'nr,(1974) oilxa.369 'nr,(1974) oilxa.95 'nr,(1974) oilxa.185 'nr,(1976) fex,(1976) ifaep'b ;271±270 'nr,(1974) oilxa

20 117 "?miiytegd mixegya dyrii dn".309 'nr,(1974) oilxa.286 'nr,(1854) eivit.7 'nr,(2001) cxpew.5 'nr,(1994) oeqliee 'nr,(1974) oilxa.338 'nr,(1974) oilxa xwht` :lv` 1823 zpyn azkn lynl d`x.79±78 'nr,(1962) רשימת מקורות Apteker, Herbert (ed.) (1962), A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States (New York). Berlin, Ira (1974), Slaves Without Masters: The Free Negro in the Antebellum South (New York). Conrad, Robert Edgar (ed.) (2001), In the Hands of Strangers: Readings on Foreign and Domestic Slave Trading and the Crisis of the Union (University Park). Finkelman, Paul (ed.) (1988), Slavery, Race and the American Legal System : Slave Rebels, Abolitionists and Southern Courts, IV (2) (New York &London). Fitzhugh, George (1854 [1850]), 'What Shall Be Done With The Free Negroes?', reprinted in George Fitzhugh, Sociology for the South or the Failure of Free Society (Richmond). Franklin, John Hope & Loren Schweninger (2000), Runaway Slaves: Rebels on the Plantation (Oxford). Genovese, Eugene D. (1976), Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World The Slaves Made (New York). Jewett, Clayton E. & John O. Allen (2004), Slavery in the South: A State-by-State History, (Westport & London). Morris, Thomas D. (1996), Southern Slavery and The Law, (Chapel Hill &London). Olwell, Robert (1996), 'Becoming Free: Manumission and the Genesis of a Free Black Community in South Carolina, ', Slavery and Abolition,17 (2). Rose, Willie Lee (ed.) (1976), A Documentary History of Slavery in North America (New York, London & Toronto). Schweninger, Loren (ed.) (2001), The Southern Debate Over Slavery, Volume 1: Petitions to Southern Legislatures, (Urbana & Chicago). Simms, William Gilmore (1999 [1838]), 'Slavery in America', Sunand Tryambak Joshi (ed.), Documents of American Prejudice: An Anthology of Writings on Race from Thomas Jefferson to David Duke (New York). Wade, Richard C. (1967), Slavery in the Cities: The South (Oxford). Wilson, Carol (1994), Freedom at Risk: The Kidnapping of Free Blacks in America, (Lexington).